This article was last updated on April 16, 2022
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USA: Oye! Times readers Get FREE $30 to spend on Amazon, Walmart…A recent publication, "Drilling Deeper", by J. David Hughes on behalf of the Post Carbon Institute has proven to be a most interesting resource in this current low-oil price environment. As a geoscientist, I found this report to be extremely well written and the authors analysis was both compelling and very thorough. The report looks at the top seven tight oil and top seven tight gas plays in the United States that account for 89 percent of America's tight oil production and 88 percent of shale gas production and then projects when production from those plays will peak and then begin to decline. It is these plays which have been made viable through the use of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing (aka fracking) that have brought the United States to the position where it is now one of the world's premier oil and natural gas producers. The author, a geoscientist, then compares his production calculations to those of the Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) which gives us a sense of whether or not production from non-conventional shale plays will be robust over the long-term and how long the United States economy can exploit its rediscovered energy independence.
For those of you that are non-oil industry people, when an oil or natural gas well is drilled, its production gradually declines over time. The rate of decline can be very steep or it can be very shallow depending on the reservoir. Here is a well production profile showing what the production history looks like for a typical Eagle Ford non-conventional oil well:
EUR 30 is the total oil recovered from this particular well over a 30 year period, in this case, 228,000 barrels of oil. You will notice that the decline is quite steep with most of the oil production occurring in the first year to year-and-a-half. After that, while the well still produces oil, it is at a much lower rate.
Now, let's look at what happens when we put a number of new wells into the equation as time passes, a typical occurrence as a field is exploited:
If we combine the two, we end up with a chart that shows the how the oil output of a field from all wells varies over time:
Again, we see that production ramps up as the field is developed through the drilling of more and more wells and drops off fairly rapidly as fewer and fewer wells are drilled as the field ages and as each producing well in the field sees its production decline with time. This is why the decline rate is such an important component of oil production and oil economics.
Let's open the main part of this posting with this map showing the geographic distribution of tight oil and shale gas plays in the lower 48 states of the United States:
Now that you have a bit of oil industry background, let's look at the EIA's reference case forecast of U.S. oil and natural gas production from 1960 to 2040 from its Annual Energy Outlook 2014 (AEO):
As shown on the solid and dashed black line, the AEO projects that U.S. crude oil production will rise to 9.6 million BOPD by 2019 and then slowly decline to 7.5 million BOPD by 2040, including 3.2 million BOPD of tight oil production. Natural gas production, as shown on the solid and dashed blue line, is projected to grow continuously out to 2040, hitting 37.5 trillion cubic feet per year in 2040, up from 23 trillion cubic feet per year currently. Obviously, the EIA is quite bullish on the future hydrocarbon potential of the United States.
As a consequence of increased domestic production of oil and natural gas, here are three scenarios showing what happens to the share of imported oil and liquids according to the EIA:
Note that in the high oil and gas resource case where domestic crude oil production levels increase to more than 13 million BOPD before 2035, imports of petroleum and liquids drop to zero in the late 2030s.
As we all know, the energy business in the United States is increasingly focusing non-conventional or tight oil plays. Here is a chart showing how the EIA divides future tight oil production among the main plays:
You will notice that the EIA clearly expects both the Eagle Ford and Bakken to form a significant production base for tight oil production in the coming decades with additional relatively significant oil production from the Permian Basin and Austin Chalk.
For the purposes of this posting and to keep it reasonably readable, I am going to focus on the oil side of the equation, in particular the Bakken and the Eagle Ford, the two key tight oil plays. Here are Mr. Hughes findings:
1.) Current Bakken oil production is approximately 1 million BOPD from 8500 producing wells. Current Eagle Ford oil production is approximately 1.3 million BOPD from 6100 producing wells.
2.) Tight oil production from major plays will peak before 2020 and production will be far lower than the EIA's forecast by 2040. In the case of the Bakken and the Eagle Ford, the two biggest tight oil plays which now account for more than 60 percent of current domestic tight oil production, production rates in 2040 will be less than one-tenth of the EIA's projections. As well, production levels from both the Bakken and Eagle Ford will peak in 2017.
3.) The field decline rate for the Bakken is 45 percent per year and 38 percent per year for the Eagle Ford. This compares to a five percent annual decline rate for conventional oil fields. This means that more and more wells must be drilled to maintain field production levels, however, as oil industry geoscientists know only too well, fields are not infinite in size and not homogenous laterally. Most fields have a core "sweet spot" where reservoir quality is better and hydrocarbon saturation is higher. Once these areas have been exploited, it becomes harder and harder to maintain production levels through the drilling of additional wells because the reservoir simply isn't capable of producing as much oil.
In the case of the Bakken, here is a most realistic production outcome case that uses three wells per square mile which would see the drilling of an additional 23500 wells on top of the 8500 currently producing oil (in brown) and compares it to the EIA model (in red):
In the most likely rate scenario, peak Bakken production occurs in 2015 at 1.19 million BOPD. Total oil recovered by 2040 is 6.8 billion barrels, down substantially from the EIA's estimate of 8.8 billion barrels of produced Bakken oil, largely because of steeper production declines. As well, by 2040, production from the Bakken will be less than one-tenth of that projected by the EIA. Note that with a 45 percent decline rate, just to maintain current production levels, 1470 wells must be drilled every year or about 17 percent of the current producing wells. Over the life of the field, the capital required to drill and complete the additional wells totals about $188 billion.
In the case of the Eagle Ford, here is a most realistic case that uses six wells per square mile which would see the drilling an additional 26200 wells on top of the 6100 currently producing oil (in brown) and compares it to the EIA model (in red):
In the most likely rate scenario, peak Eagle Ford production occurs in 2016 at 1.56 million BOPD. Total oil recovered in 2040 is 7.76 billion barrels, down substantially from the EIA's estimate of 10.8 billion barrels. This means that by 2040, production from the Eagle Ford will be less than one-tenth of the level projected by the EIA. Again, it is important to note that just to maintain current production levels, 2285 wells must be drilled each year or about 37 percent of the current producing wells. Over the life of the field, the capital required to drill and complete the additional wells totals about $210 billion.
Certainly, as the both the author and the EIA note, there are other tight oil plays in the continental United States that will supply oil to the nation, however, the Bakken and Eagle Ford form the foundation of ongoing tight oil production well into the future, particularly since the other major tight oil plays are decades old and have been exploited using tens of thousands of conventional wells. Unfortunately, as you can see from this analysis, the EIA's overly optimistic forecast could be backing the United States into an energy corner, lulling consumers into a false sense of long-term "energy independence". It is also important to note the high capital costs involved in maintaining this "energy independence"; if the current low price environment continues for any length of time, the exploitation of tight oil plays will be postponed, perhaps indefinitely, since it was the sustained existence of high-priced oil over the past few years that made these non-conventional plays economically attractive in the first place.
On the upside, as long as the period of low oil prices is not overly lengthy and prices recover to their pre-collapse level, America's tight oil will last a bit longer.
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